Economic Update

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• Legality of Trump’s yet to be finalised tariffs under challenge in the courts.
• The RBA cuts the Official Cash Rate (OCR) but inflation has picked up.
• US jobs data soften markedly calling in to question the strength of the US economy.
• Share markets rally again despite multiple sources of uncertainty.

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

Since the beginning of his second term in office, President Trump has tried to cajole US Federal Reserve (Fed) Chair, Jerome Powell, into cutting rates more aggressively. He has threatened sacking him for not doing so; then for a cost blow-out of a Fed building refurbishment; and now he is trying to sack another Fed governor for alleged mortgage fraud. Governor Cook has responded with legal action.

The central issue is simple, but without any foundation. Trump has stated the Fed rate should be 1% and not the current range of 4.25% to 4.5%. A rate of 1% would be considered an emergency setting to take the US out of a slump – as during the recovery from the pandemic. The US economy is not in a slump and Trump says it is strong.

The reason Trump wants a lower rate is because he wants mortgage rates to be lower to help consumers hit by his tariff policy. He also wants interest payments on the $37 trn federal debt to be lower. The Fed funds interest rate is at best loosely connected to longer term interest rates such as the 10-year and 30-year government bond rates, the latter being the basis for home mortgage interest rates. When the Fed cut its rate in 2024 by 1.0%, the 10-year bond rate went up and not down!

The Fed determines the overnight cash interest rate which has some impact on shorter-term interest rates, but it is the bond market that largely determines long-term interest rates. Inflation and the state of the economy are among the major factors affecting long term interest rates.

Trump is also in a quandary because people have caught on to the fact that the tariffs he is collecting are coming mostly – about two thirds – from the US consumer. Trump called for the dismissal of a Goldman Sachs economist for writing as such. Trump added that if the CEO didn’t sack that economist, the CEO himself should resign.

On top of his attempted interference with the running of a private bank, he has had the US take a 10% stake in Intel, a large Silicon Valley based IT company, and a 15% stake in Nvidia’s China exports which are tantamount to partial nationalisations. There is nothing necessarily wrong with nationalisation, but it is generally agreed that such a programme in post-war Britain was a resounding failure.

Trump’s policies are taking away from consumers and business, but he gave them some compensation in the form of tax breaks in his ‘Big Beautiful Bill’. But they will need further compensation to keep the consumer and the economy afloat.

Trump talks as though foreign companies and governments exporting to the US are paying the tariffs which the US is collecting to pay off its debt. However, the fact that import prices in the US are holding up, shows the cost of tariffs is borne by US consumers and businesses.

None of the so-called trade deals have yet been finalised and signed and Trump also keeps changing any loose agreements he has made with other countries.

Trump’s case was not helped when August started with a big economic data shock emanating from the monthly US labour force data. Only 73,000 jobs were created rather than the expected 100,000 and there was a 258,000 downward revision to the previous two months’ data.

Trump claimed the data had been adjusted by a ‘politically motivated’ head of the agency that created the data. He sacked her. There is no evidence of any irregularities, but Trump appeared to be embarrassed by the data and seemingly needed a scape goat.

Thus far, Trump has largely circumnavigated the courts and Congress in pursuing his mission. However, at the end of August a US Appeals Court judge found most of the tariffs to be illegal but gave the Administration until October 14th to try to get a ruling from the Supreme Court, which to date at least, has supported Trump’s policies when asked.

Despite the more elevated macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, US companies have largely reported well for the June quarter. Six of the seven ‘magnificent 7’ stocks beat consensus expectations – only Tesla missed and that possibly happened because Musk took his eye off the game while he was running round in his DOGE capacity.

The S&P 500 rose above 6,500 for the first time ever. And, based on Powell’s speech at the Jackson Hole conference for central bankers, at least one more interest rate cut this year now seems assured – and as early as September 17th. That might be enough to get Trump off Powell’s back. Powell is man enough to take the obvious blows to the chin Trump might try and dish out. The CME Fedwatch tool for pricing the chance of interest rate cuts currently has a probability of 87% for a September cut.

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) at last cut its OCR (Official Cash Rate) by 25 bps – to 3.60% – at its August meeting. It had more effect on Australian mortgage rates than a US cut would on its mortgage rates because Australians typically have (short-term) variable rates and short-term (1yr – 3yr) fixed term loans – and not the typical 30-year fixed term mortgages in the US.

While that RBA interest rate cut sparked some optimism in the market for more cuts, the subsequent CPI inflation read dampened some spirits. The CPI climbed to 2.8% from 2.1% the month before. However, this increase was largely induced by the manner in which the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) calculated the impact of the government’s energy subsidy.

Over the last three months, inflation in the electricity component of the CPI basket was 6.3%, 5.9% and +13.1%. It would appear that the transition from the FY25 subsidy has not dovetailed with the six-month extension into FY26. Either way, the subsidy will surely end one day and there will be an inevitable sharp rise in electricity price inflation. That, in turn, will kick up into headline CPI inflation. Since this effect is immune from changes to the OCR, the RBA should ignore these man-made artefacts. But the RBA Rate Tracker tool indicated the chance of a September 30th interest rate cut fell from 32% to 22% following the CPI inflation release.

Australian jobs data returned to reasonable levels after a couple of months of weaker data. 24,500 jobs were created of which 60,500 were full-time jobs that were offset by a 35,800 reduction in part-time jobs. The unemployment rate fell from 4.3% to 4.2%. However, as we often note, there is a dominant public sector component to Australian jobs that masks underlying changes in economic activity.

The Australian wage price index climbed 3.4% over the year, or 1.3% after correcting for CPI inflation. The so called ‘real wage’, or adjusted wage data, is now 5.9% below that which it was in 2022. Real wage increases are supported by productivity gains which have been very low in recent times.

The government ran a workshop on boosting productivity, but it was not clear that any important initiatives flowed from the workshop.

The China economy produced some mixed economic data during August. Trade data strengthened while domestic data missed expectations.

The Ukraine-war talks between Trump and Putin, held in Alaska, came to nothing except embarrassment for Trump. Nothing was agreed upon and various associated events like lunches and questions from the media were cancelled at short notice. The leaving photo of the pair showed an angry looking Trump, a smiling Putin, and no handshake! Trump said he would get the Ukraine president, Zelenskyy, to join the pair in a meeting to be held in Eastern Europe. No such meeting has yet eventuated.

Not only did the S&P 500 hit a fresh high above 6,500, the ASX 200 breached 9,000 for the first time. Crucial yields on 10 year and 30 year US government bonds have attained a stable path below what are considered important thresholds of 4.5% and 5.0% respectively. With earnings’ forecasts for both countries remaining positive, thoughts of a fresh geopolitical event could knock these markets off course.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities 

Australian equities made a strong return in August with the ASX 200 posting a gain of +2.6%. The Materials sector (+9.0%) and the Consumer Discretionary sector (+7.4%) were the leaders in gains. Only two of the 11 sectors posted losses: IT ( 1.7%) and Telco ( 1.0%).

The forward dividend yield is lower than the historical average at only 2.8% compared to the 4.5% that was once typically quoted. Neither of these yields include franking credits. The lower forward dividend yield broadly indicates the market is more expensive that average.

The ASX index rose above 9,000 for the first time ever in August and it is now +10% up for the year to date.

International Equities 

The US S&P 500 posted its fourth consecutive month of gains. At +1.9% for the month and +9.8% for the year, the gains far exceed what many expected in the throes of the tariff war in April and May.

The S&P 500 rose above 6,500 during August which is a big change from the downwardly revised end of year forecasts of 5,600 made by several big broking houses at the market lows. The consensus median forecast for the end of 2026 made at the beginning of the year was 6,600.

Many talk of overvaluation in the market but much of that is centred on the hard-to-value big Artificial Intelligence (AI) stocks. Our tracking of the company earnings’ forecasts collected by LSEG suggest the end of year forecast for the broader index is reasonable.

The S&P 500 rose by +1.9% for the month and +9.8% for the year-to-date. The Shanghai Composite has done particularly well at +8.0% for the month and +15.1% for the y-t-d.

Tokyo’s Nikkei also exceeded the growth of the S&P 500 in August with a gain of +4.0% for the month but only +7.1% for the y-t-d.

The FTSE and the DAX were fairly flat over the month, but Emerging Markets grew by +1.3% for the month and 14.1% for the year to date.

Bonds and Interest Rates

At the Jackson Hole, Wyoming, conference for central bankers, Jerome Powell made it crystal clear that the time has come to consider changing the stance of monetary policy. The S&P 500 rose a mammoth 100 points in the aftermath of that speech.

The odds of a US interest rate cut on September 17th are now 87% and there is only about a 13% chance that there won’t be two or more cuts this year. If the jobs data on the first Friday of September are ‘unusual’ following last month’s read, a 0.50% cut is quite possible – as is no cut. The jobs data will be pivotal.

The RBA cut the OCR by 0.25% on August 12th and seemed set for more cuts but the July CPI results out two weeks later caused a surprise that reduced the published odds of a September 30th interest rate cut from 32% to 22%. We believe that the spike in inflation was due to the ABS’ handling of the energy subsidy – a statistical artefact.

The Bank of England cut by 0.25% to 4.00%. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand also cut by 0.25% to 3.00%.

Other Assets 

Brent Crude oil ( 7.6%) and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) ( 6.1%) oil prices were down strongly in August after the big gains of July.

The price of gold was up strongly (+4.4%) in August while the price of copper (+1.8%) grew less as it recovered from the effect of the 50% tariff Trump imposed on it.

The price of iron ore rose back above US$100 per tonne with a gain of +4.0% for August.

The VIX share market ‘fear’ index finished August near normal levels at 15.4 but it did reach 20.4 during the month.

The Australian dollar (+1.1%) was up modestly against the greenback.

Regional Review

Australia

After two months of poor jobs data, +24,500 new numbers were reported in August for the month of July. The percentage growth figures for total, full and part time employment over the last 12 months were +1.8%, +1.9% and +1.8%, respectively. Since ‘normal’ population growth is of the order of +1.6%, some semblance of order is returning to jobs growth after the big part-time bulge following the onset of the pandemic and immigration.

The government-convened symposium on productivity seemed to yield no worthwhile initiatives. Rather, the call for new or increased taxes on capital gains, death, family homes, and wealth gained strength. Such taxation strategies, if they gain credence, do not solve a problem – they just kick the can down the road.

The gap between wage inflation and price inflation (the real wage gap) is driven by productivity. While US workers are well ahead of their pre-pandemic real wages, we are 5.9% behind. We need some really big wage increases to redress the imbalance in the cost of living crisis or it will last far too long. The level of economic debate in this country is sadly lacking!
There was a welcome uptick in the Westpac consumer sentiment index – from 93.1 to 98.5.

The quirk in the CPI data can readily be explained by any professional statistician after studying the ABS publication. It was predictable 12 months ago as we discussed. When a subsidy is treated as a price decrease (which it is not) there is an initial benefit followed by a reverse effect 12 months later. That the subsidy was extended for six months makes that ‘18 months later’ but a reversal is inevitable. ‘Creative data analysis’ doesn’t change the problem – it just delays it.

Since the RBA’s OCR has almost no impact on electricity prices and even less on subsidies, the RBA should ignore this aberration, but we do not have confidence that it will.

China 

China’s macro data were mixed in August. Exports grew by +7.2% against an expected +5.4% while imports were also a ‘beat’ at +4.1% against an expected +1.1%.

Retail sales, on the other hand, disappointed with a gain of +3.7% against an expected +4.6%. Industrial output was up +3.7% against an expected +5.9%.

Of course, a lot will depend on how the court ruling against Trump’s tariffs plays out. A US Appeals Court judge found most of the tariffs to be illegal at the end of August but gave the Administration until October 14th to try to get a ruling from the Supreme Court. The huge tariffs on steel and aluminium remain unchallenged. The essence of the illegality is the extent to which Trump was reasonable in claiming the tariffs were to redress a national emergency.

US

Trump’s major policies are at last being challenged in the courts. One Appeals Court judged at the very end of August that most of the tariffs are illegal, but the court is giving Trump until October 14th to seek a ruling from the Supreme Court. A different judge made a scathing attack on Trump’s mass deportation move on the US Southern border. Trump is unsurprisingly being reported as being furious.

It is difficult to predict what will happen from here as Trump’s policies are unprecedented. The Supreme Court thus far has sided with Trump, and this behaviour might continue. If the Supreme court were to find against Trump, then unravelling the tariffs might cause the US to have to repay up to about $150B in tariffs so far collected. And how then will the tax cuts legislate in the Big Beautiful Bill be paid for?

Some have suggested Trump might invoke a 1974 act to reintroduce tariffs. However that act limits tariffs to 15% and for a maximum of 150 days.

Whatever confusion these court rulings might cause could be overshadowed if the next jobs report continues the recent downward trend. The jobs report at the start of August could just be a one-off and order could be restored with just one set of reasonable data. What seems more likely is that the new low levels of employment are extended into the future – or worse.

The issue is that the previous eight months of jobs created were each over 100,000. Another 100,000 was expected for the July figure but only 75,000 jobs were reported as having been created. That, in itself, would not have been much of a problem as occasionally ‘rogue’ numbers are published. The real problem was that the numbers for the previous two months were 144,000 and 147,000 respectively but were revised downwards to markedly lower results of 19,000 and 14,000 – making a downward revision of 258,000. The Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS) only revises the previous two months data points except when an annual review takes place. Will the 73,000 jobs for July also get revised downwards? Negative jobs numbers might very well scare the markets.

Trump had only recently been on TV alongside Powell berating him for a cost blowout on the refurbishment of the Fed buildings while also stating that the economy was really strong. The labour report unequivocally rejected that claim a couple of days later.

Trump sacked the head of the BLS and nominated someone who seems very underqualified for the job. Trump claimed a political motive behind the revisions but there is no evidence to support that view.

Kevin Hassett, Director of the National Economic Council and a fervent Trump supporter, was asked on camera what evidence was there for the political nature of the revisions. He replied that revisions in themselves are evidence. Every month the previous two months’ numbers are revised. Hassett’s reply had no credibility and his nervous smile supported that view.

One legitimate reason for revisions is that the first data are derived from a phone survey. In the following two months, formal replies from all companies are received and collated by the BLS. Since it is not possible to phone companies that the BLS doesn’t yet know exist – because they are new – revisions are inevitable and not just as a result from sampling error. Data used for revisions have a broader coverage than the preliminary estimate.

It is quite possible that the new appointment to the BLS, if he is confirmed by a Senate committee, could even withhold any labour data until a ‘review’ is completed giving Trump a chance to navigate a new course of action. Such a move would not go down well with the international community. Bond and equity markets could be destabilised.

The CPI and Private Consumption Expenditure (PCE) variants for inflation estimates were a little higher on the back of tariffs. The Producer Price Index (PPI), or input price inflation figure was also high but unlikely due to tariffs. It was probably just an aberration particularly as the services component inflated more than the goods component.

Fed Chair, Powell, all but walked away from controlling inflation going forward in favour of supporting a full employment target for the near term. The September 5th labour data are crucial. Historically observed patterns suggest that when the labour market starts to cool, it does so quickly. Last month, the unemployment rate worsened from 4.1% to 4.2%.

Europe 

The Bank of England cut its prime rate by 0.25% to 4.00% and GDP growth surprised to the upside at +0.3% for the quarter. Inflation, however, worsened to 3.8% from 3.6%. Germany’s input price inflation was negative.

Rest of the World

Japan’s growth was +0.3% following +0.1% in the prior period. There is a lack of clarity over the course of its economy as Trump’s tariffs do not yet seem to have been finalised – and may not be after the Appeals Court decision.

The Reserve Bank of New Zealand also cut its interest rate by 0.25% to 3.00%.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• Trump’s tariffs go live on 1 August – though some negotiations still ongoing.
• Economic data indicated some softening in growth leading central banks to resume easing.
• Equity markets remaining buoyed by generally positive US reporting season and prospect of interest rate cuts.
• The RBA surprised markets by not cutting the official cash rate at its July meeting.

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

At last, the August 1st deadline for Trump’s tariff negotiations has arrived. While big numbers are still being bandied around, markets took the deadline in its stride.
Trump promised ‘great deals’ for the US in a bid to reduce or remove trade deficits and ‘non-tariff trade barriers’. But the truth seems far from the Trump vision.
The S&P 500 and NASDAQ Wall Street indexes hit repeated highs during July – a far cry from the turmoil created in April when the so-called ‘reciprocal tariffs’ were first mooted. Markets have moved on from Trumps fearmongering.
Trump was fixated on trade deficits and well-trained economists know that tariffs are not a cure for trade deficits. Indeed, deficits are not necessarily a bad thing. He exhorted that the US buys lots of cars from Japan but Japan doesn’t buy US cars. He failed to point out that the Japanese drive on the left (as do we) and so would need expensive conversion kits or a dedicated US production line to manufacture right hand drive cars – and at the right price and size for Japan’s roads!
He made a similar point about Vietnam not buying US manufactured goods. Vietnamese on average earn less than $US5,000 p.a. and how much are US made cars?
As far as we can ascertain, no concrete deals have been made in the sense of signed contracts. CNBC reported that eight ‘frameworks’ or loose commitments have been made but it could take years to formalise these complex notions. Eight deals is a far cry from the 90 deals in 90 days the administration predicted in early April. And 200 deals being negotiated now seems fantasy!
The UK was the first cab off the rank to get a so-called deal months ago – at 10%. But Trump slapped a huge 50% tariff on steel and aluminium (and now copper) after that so-called agreement. As late as July, Trump met with his opposite number, PM Keir Starmer, in Trump’s Turnberry golf course to ‘refine’ the ‘agreement’.
He chose the same Scottish venue to work out a 15% deal with the EU. Part of the ‘deal’ was said to be a $750B purchase of US energy and $600B investment in the US. Several commentators pointed out that these sums included many projects already agreed to! It is close to impossible to get an independent appraisal of these ‘deals’.
In the same cavalier style, Trump and his entourage descended upon the Federal Treasury building in Washington to confront Fed chair Powell over the cost blow out in the Fed refurbishments that were started a decade ago – and to put pressure on Powell to cut rates.
On camera, Trump upped his estimate of the blowout from $2.7B to $3.1B and handed Powell a letter to back up his claim. Powell quickly pointed out that the latest increase detailed in the letter was due to now including a third building that was completed five years ago. A journalist then asked a direct question about whether there was enough evidence to dismiss Powell. Trump dithered but answered no.
Trump appears to be operating without the checks and balances of Congress determining and imposing penalties without rational justification or consultation. Strategically it may be prudent for reluctant combatants to engage as small targets and avoid or limit confrontation until Trump’s term as president ends. Conversely, court cases are currently being heard that might rule his trade deals illegal. Many think the cases will make it to US Supreme Court, this process could take months at least.
Before Trump’s second term as president, the average import tariff into the US was 2.7%. As at August 1st that average is close to 18%. The tariff deals negotiated to date only seem good because of the excessive levels of his estimates of the revenue generated by the reciprocal tariffs.
Trump repeatedly states that US interest payments on its debt would fall by $360B for each point decrease in the Fed rate. As with all loans, the rate charged depends upon a variety of factors including the term of the loan. Just as with home mortgage payments, different rates are offered for loans of different fixed terms such as one, two and three years – or variable rates. Indeed, when the Fed cuts its overnight rate, it is not unusual for the yield on longer-term Treasurys to go up rather than down! Indeed, the 100 bps of cuts so far in this cycle have had no discernible impact on the 10-year Treasury yield. And no-one, other than banks in the clearing system, borrows or lends at the Fed Funds Interest Rate.
At the Fed Reserve building site press conference, Trump pointed out that the US economy was ‘hot’ but that an appropriate Fed rate would be 1%! While we think the US economy is not broken it is certainly not hot. If it were, and the Fed rate was cut to 1%, inflation of a scale we have not witnessed for a long time would probably re-emerge!
The impact of new tariffs on US inflation has been a long time coming. Front loading inventory building and delays in tariff impositions has pushed out that impact. However, the June US CPI and PCE inflation reads published in July did show a slight blip up in the data. There are two reasons not to worry too much about tariff-induced inflation. First, tariffs are a one off and, therefore, do not constitute inflation in the sense of macroeconomic policy. Keeping rates on hold or otherwise will not affect any blip. Secondly, it is now thought that the tariff-induced price increase (not inflation!) is likely to be only about 1% (or possibly up to 2%) and it will be gone by late 2026.
The Australian economy is in a very different position to the US. Our jobs data are showing nascent signs of weakness and GDP growth (in per capita terms) has been negative for most of the last two years and more.
It was reported that more than half of the Australian electorate derives its major source of income from the government (i.e. the taxpayer). The impact of private sector wealth on total employment is, therefore, muted.
The RBA astounded economists by not cutting Interest rates at the July meeting. The market is now pricing a reasonable chance of a double interest rate cut at the August 12th meeting. The RBA claimed it was waiting for the quarterly CPI Inflation data as a more accurate reading than the monthly variant. The quarterly read for June quarter came in at 2.1% and the monthly at 1.9%. With the target range being 2% to 3%, the RBA needs to get a move on and resume reducing the cash interest rate.
Earnings season for US companies is going well for the June quarter and much better than many expected not that long ago. We believe that there is a long way to run on the AI boom and Trump’s ‘Big Beautiful Bill’ will add some stimulus in the near term. What the future of the US economy is in the longer term is more opaque but we are optimistic about US equities for the rest of this year – at least.
US Treasury yields have stabilised in recent weeks. The 10-year and 30-year Government Bond yields are now comfortably below the 4.5% and 5.0% thresholds that rattled markets back in April.
The Fed kept rates on hold at their July meeting and until the announcement of weaker employment data, had stepped back from an interest rate cut in September. However, market pricing indicates the Fed may produce one or two more cuts this year.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities 

The ASX 200 had a strong month to start the 2026 financial year. Capital gains for the broader index were +2.3%. Healthcare led the way with a gain of +9.1% and Energy (+5.7%) and Materials (+4.1%) were not far behind; Utilities gained +5.1% and IT (+5.0%). Financials ( 1.0%) was the only sector to lose ground.

International Equities 

The S&P 500 also performed strongly in July with a gain of +2.2%. Indeed, this index posted six consecutive daily closing highs late in the month.
The London FTSE Index was even stronger at +4.2%; Emerging Markets posted a gain of 3.1% and China’s Shanghai Composite Index +3.7%.

Bonds and Interest Rates

The Fed continued to resist Trump’s calls to cut interest rates and remained on hold at its July 30th meeting. Powell moved markets slightly when he mentioned, in questioning, that an interest rate cut in September was not the almost forgone conclusion that the market had anticipated.

The yield on 10-year and 30-year US Treasuries remained comfortably below the ‘psychological’ levels of respectively 4.5% and 5.0% throughout the month.

The CME Fedwatch tool reduced the chance of a September interest rate cut from about 67% to 40% during Powel’s post meeting press conference.

The RBA astounded markets by not cutting the official cash interest rate at its July meeting but it looks set to make at least one 25-bps (0.25%) cut on August 12th. The chance of a double cut was priced at 51% on the RBA tracker tool located on the ASX website.

The Bank of Japan was also on hold – but at 0.5%. Another hike is expected this year to help combat inflation.

The Bank of Canada was on hold at 2.75% but it forecast GDP growth in June quarter of 1.5%.

The ECB was on hold at 2.15% and June quarter growth came in at +0.1%.

Other Assets 

Brent Crude oil (+7.3%) and West Texas Intermediate crude oil (WTI) (+6.4%) oil prices were up strongly in July. The price of gold was flat (+0.4%) in July while the price of copper ( 4.0%) was down sharply after Trump announced a 50% tariff on the US imports of the metal. The price of iron ore was up +6.2%.

The US equity market VIX ‘fear’ index was range-bound near normal levels.

The Australian dollar ( 1.2%) was down modestly against the greenback.

Regional Review

Australia

The last two months of changes in Australia jobs data more or less cancelled each other out to leave a flatline in total employment and its major components. The unemployment rate jumped up from 4.1% to 4.3% after a year of little movement. It is too soon to ring the alarm bells but unemployment can rise sharply when a big slowdown gets underway.

Australia appears to be making little headway in getting a trade deal done with the US. The negotiated tariff was said to be 10% in April but now Trump is talking of 20%. It appears Albanese cannot even get a meeting with Trump. The US is not one of our big trading partners, but any new instability could increase the prospect of further slowing in our economy.

China 

The US is trying to encourage China into diverting its manufacturing output into domestic consumption. Deflation is still rife; Producer Prices (PPI), or inflation of inputs, stood at 3.6% in the latest reading.

China exports grew at 5.8% against an expected 5.0% and up from 4.8% in the previous month. China is pivoting its export drive away from the US.

The US and China are continuing their trade negotiations. The ’due date’ seems to be flexible providing the US thinks China is acting in good faith. China still holds the whip hand on rare earth exports. It has also brought up relaxing US export controls the US usually attributes to ‘security issues’.

US

US jobs (non-farm payrolls) were up +147,000 and the unemployment rate was down to 4.1% following 4.2% in the previous month.

Trump’s so-called Big Beautiful Bill got through the House and the Senate. The consequences of it are not fully understood. There are tax cuts and some stimulus spending but there isn’t a clear direction for the US economy.

One commentator on CNBC TV speculated that Trump has by stealth created a Value Added Tax VAT (sales) tax through the tariff programme. Trump cannot reasonably be seen to raise corporate or personal taxes but a ‘tariff’ can be seen as being different. Since business and individuals are, in effect, paying the tariffs of around 18%, they are paying the equivalent of a European style VAT without Trump losing face! The US needs the revenue. Perhaps this was a smart way to raise it?

General Motors, in a report to the stock exchange for the June quarter, pointed out that it lost US$1.1 Bn from tariffs in the quarter. It now expects the impact over a full year to be US$2 Bn. Business and consumers are carrying the can and Trump does not acknowledge this.

The new tariffs on cars imported from the EU and Japan are now at a cost advantage to those built by US brands in Mexico and Canada because of the difference in tariffs!

CPI inflation did rise a little to 2.7% p.a. but, ex-shelter, CPI is still on target at 2% p.a. However, that 2% p.a. is a sharp rise over the previous comparable 1.5% p.a. The pass-through of tariffs might well be underway. Fed chair, Jerome Powell, pointed out that the easing of inflation in services has masked some of the tariff-induced price rises in goods.

Growth for the June quarter was published at the end of July. It came in at 3.0% but it should not be viewed in isolation – as Powell pointed out. Imports were up +37.9% in the March quarter and down 30.3% in the June quarter as importers tried to minimise the impact of introduction of tariffs. The average GDP growth for the first half of 2025 was 1.2% p.a., which is about half of what existed in 2024.

Europe 

Europe diligently tried to negotiate a trade deal with the US. It finished up with a tariff of 15% on most goods but some are tariff free!

At least the US dropped its commentary about VAT (or GST) being a trade barrier. The EU is to buy US$750 Bn of energy from the US and US$600 Bn of investment in the US economy. However, many sources claim that much of this commitment is already in place.

EU growth in the June quarter was +0.1% but Germany’s GDP was down 0.1%. German inflation dipped to 1.8%.
UK inflation hit an 18-month high at 3.6% and core inflation was at 3.7%.

Rest of the World

The UK has threatened Israel with acknowledging the State of Palestine if sense is not brought to bear over Gaza.

Japan negotiated a 15% trade deal with the US and has agreed to invest US$550 Bn in the US economy.

The US imposed a tariff of 15% on Israel and 35% on Canada (but 40% if there is transhipping). The US imposed an array of tariffs of between 10% and 41% on other countries.

India currently has a negotiated tariff of 25% (plus penalties for trading with Russia). Korea’s tariff has come down to 15% from 25%; they have agreed to spend US$100 Bn on US energy and US$350 Bn on other investments.

The Bank of Canada held interest rates steady at 2.75% in July but it is predicting a 1.5% fall in June quarter GDP growth.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• Tensions ease in the Middle East post US bombing run, Israel and Iran truce.
• The US Federal Reserve held its interest rate ‘on hold’ citing tariff inflation risk, ECB cut 0.25%.
• Australian economy softening and expecting further RBA interest rate cuts
• US equities close June at all-time highs, markets in general looking through the short-term noise

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

At the end of June 2024, the S&P 500 had completed a stellar year with a gain of over 20%, while the ASX 200 recorded a solid gain of around 10% over that same period.

In spite of the chaos caused by Trump’s policies, and the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, these two equity indexes did surprising well – again – in the year to June 30 2025. The ASX 200 rose 10.0% in FY25 and the S&P 500 rose 13.6%.

The reciprocal tariff policy announcement by US President Trump on April 2nd 2025, for the so-called ‘Liberation Day’, caused a sharp fall in the S&P 500 of 18%. The recovery since that fall is the fastest on record for a decline of that order of magnitude.

A year ago, central banks were only just getting started on cutting interest rates as the inflation problem seemed to have been close to being beaten. Now, many central banks are close to having brought interest rates down to near neutral levels. Interestingly, the US and Australian central banks are not yet among that
group.

The reason stated by the US Federal Reserve for not having cut further is ‘the unknown extent of the possible increase in inflation caused by Trump’s tariff policies’. There is yet no material sign of tariff-induced inflation in the US but many expect a one-off lift in inflation, driven by tariffs of around 1%.

Given that US Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation-less-shelter has been running at around 1.5%, and shelter inflation (a third of the index) has been falling steadily, there is some optimism that US inflation might struggle to get above 3% even with tariffs (unless Trump revisits his trade-war policies). And then inflation should
subside back to 2% as the imposition of tariffs should only cause a one-off increase in prices.

Trump has been berating Federal Reserve (Fed) chair, Jerome Powell, for being ‘too late’ to cut rates. Trump has threatened Powell’s position and has used insulting language against the man. Despite this, Powell has been calm and steadfast in his management of monetary policy.

The US economy, in terms of growth and jobs, is reasonably strong and so interest rate cuts are not necessarily urgent – but some slightly softer economic data, and the apparent containing of inflation, creates the opportunity for two or three more interest rate cuts this year.

Market probabilities for the next interest rate cut were firmly for the September meeting. However, three members of the Fed’s Open Markets Committee came out in favour of a July interest rate cut during the last weeks of June. The probability of a July interest rate cut remains low at circa 20%.

The RBA is expected to cut its interest rate in July and again (maybe more than once) over the rest of the year. Australia’s GDP growth rate at 0.2% for the March quarter was unexpectedly low despite apparent resilience in the labour market.

A significant portion of new jobs in the last financial year were in the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) programme. While the majority of these jobs are possibly very useful additions to our health care initiatives, they are funded by the taxpayer and so do not reflect the strength of the economy. Moreover, 10 of the last 12 reported monthly unemployment rates were 4.1% (the other two were 3.9% and 4.0%); an unusually stable set of data. The results are based on a small sample of around 26,000 households which is scaled up to represent a population of nearly 11 million households! We would have expected much more sample variation from month to month, as we usually observe.

We see no alarming signals in the broad macro data for Australia and the US. However, there are many possible sources of volatility in equity markets in the year ahead.

Trump’s retaliation tariffs were announced on April 2nd but were put on hold for 90 days – to July 9th – but only a few seem to think that the tariff increases won’t further be delayed – or even abandoned.

The average tariff before Trump’s ‘Liberation Day’ tariff policy announcement was about 3% and now it is closer to 15%. Somebody has to pay for it. Tariff is only another name for tax.

Exporters might try to absorb some of the costs before they export. That doesn’t seem to be prevalent. Correspondingly the importer in the US can try to absorb the cost but that too is difficult. Marelli, a large supplier of auto parts in the US that imports parts for Nissan and Jeep amongst others, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as it found it couldn’t pass on the tariffs and it could not viably absorb their costs. Others will surely follow.

The third agent to wear the costs is the US consumer. We haven’t seen any material impact on consumer price indexes as many companies built up substantial inventories before the tariffs came in and are only now starting to pass on the additional cost. Some say the US might still have one to two months inventory at hand. Nike just reported earnings and announced that prices will have to go up shortly; footwear is expected to rise in price by 8% to 15%.

Since lots of goods are not imported, or are imported from low-tariff countries, experts reportedly are estimating the increase in the CPI to be of the order of 1% p.a. If, however, Trump starts bringing back higher tariffs, the US economy is likely to be a casualty.

Tariffs, to date at least, are not bringing in anything like the tax revenue Trump had foreshadowed. Moreover, most if not all that revenue is coming from US consumers and businesses. It is largely a redistribution of tax revenue for the government and tariffs will almost certainly reduce consumption due to the price increases.

China redirected much of its exports to countries other than the US during Trump’s first term as President and is seemingly starting to do it again. And China is now switching to importing beef, soya beans and oil (amongst many other goods) from other countries. The US could become increasingly isolated, if it is not careful.

There is much more to these trade deals than tariffs. There is no mainstream economic support for tariffs to redress trade balances. Indeed, trade imbalances are to be expected and welcomed in many cases.

One contentious point for the US-China relationship involves the export of certain rare earth minerals to the US. China has a near monopoly on the production of special magnets (and other goods) from rare earths that are essential in the manufacture of Electric Vehicles, rockets (commercial and military), drones and other high-tech products.

The US reportedly thought that it had gained access to China’s rare earths through the Geneva talks held between the two parties in May, but the extensive text of the agreement only devoted one sentence to non-tariff trade barriers – and there was no mention of rare earths.

The London talks between China and the US, held in June, were then set up to resolve this issue but failed again. Rare earths were mentioned but sources reported that the agreement is only for six months and only covers commercial – and not military – uses. The can has again been kicked down the road, this time until the end of the year.

Ford reported several of its auto plants in the US were on idle as they awaited a supply of rare earth products. China is in the box seat with this and it is big enough to see this confrontation through.

Almost out of left field, Israel attacked Iran over its nuclear build-up. It does not have the fire power to resolve the issue on its own but that didn’t stop Israel starting a renewed, heightened conflict.

Trump went to the election last year on a non-aggression platform – as he did in in his first term. The US was in negotiations with Iran over uranium enrichment. After the Israeli rocket attack, Trump said he might do something over the next two weeks. It only took him a day or two.

The US sent B-2 stealth bombers and submarines to fire on Iran’s three main nuclear facilities that happen to lie in a straight line south between Tehran and Qatar on the Persian Gulf.

The US reported that all three facilities were destroyed without casualties and without serious damage to property other than that associated with the facilities. Perfect! And a cease-fire between Israel and Iran was ‘on the cards’ in the next 24 hours, so Trump said. That’s why Wall Street rallied hard that night.

CNBC reported that there was a long line of trucks outside the facility containing the enriched uranium over the weekend before the bombing. It was being speculated that the trucks were there to move the uranium to another location!

Trump called the raid something like the ‘most decisive raid in history’. An expert came on TV and said all the enriched uranium could have been placed in the boots of 12 standard cars.

Just to save face, Iran attacked the major Middle East, US base in Qatar. To make sure everything was fine, Iran gave prior warnings to Qatar and the US. Iran fired 14 missiles; 13 were intercepted and the other missed the target completely. Everyone was a winner!

Recall, Trump did ‘big trade deals’ with Qatar and Saudi Arabia only weeks ago. It is hard not to think there was collusion over orchestrating a face-saving resolution to the conflict and to take attention away from the failed tariff deals.

Other reports questioned whether the US bombs could have struck 300 feet [say 100m] below the surface [under a mountain?] to reach the facilities. We don’t know what the truth is but we are thinking the strike wasn’t as successful as Trump announced – but it might have been enough to make the Iranians seriously consider their options for continuing to engage in this current conflict.

The collective wisdom of experts we have seen is that Iran’s nuclear program has been set back months rather than years. But importantly, Iran now knows that stealth bombers can turn up when they are least expected and that and they can carry lots of very big bombs [up to 30,000 pounds each!]. And there is now proof that Trump is prepared to push the button.

As the dust settles on the upheaval Trump has caused to trade, immigration, and efficiency (through the failed DOGE project run by Elon Musk) we are more optimistic about a less volatile future for Wall Street in there nearer term at least. The S&P 500 finished June with a new all-time high. Recent earnings reports have been stronger than expected and the future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems far more secure than some considered earlier in the year.

On the fiscal front, Trump has been facing a multitude of problems in trying to get his ‘Big Beautiful Bill’ through Congress. It is now passing through the Senate but it has to go back to the House of Representatives after substantial changes being made, and agreed to, by the Senate. Even Republicans were demanding changes! Two are voting against the Bill and six were reportedly undecided.

The Bill, if it goes through, is likely to add just over $3 trn to the current $36 trn government debt. The bill includes tax breaks and a substantial lifting of the debt ceiling. The logic behind the bill is that it will stimulate the economy and that growth will improve government revenue to offset the tax breaks. Musk launched a scathing attack on the Bill and has vowed to back candidates against those Republicans that vote for the Bill.

On other matters that many think are likely to guide the future of the global economy, the advent of DeepSeek – a China ‘alternative’ to ChatGPT and other AI projects – earlier in the year caused many to think it might be the end for Nvidia and other big US technology firms. It wasn’t, and it looks unlikely to be. Nvidia reported well in June and many of the mega tech companies are promising to invest hundreds of billions of dollars in the years to come.

It is important for investors to appreciate what AI can currently do and what more there is to do. Without that, the fear of losing jobs to AI is not rational.
At this point in time, AI is good at collecting information and summarising it. But it still makes lots of mistakes and needs human oversight to ‘train’ the models.

What AI cannot do at this point in time is reason or generalise. For example, it cannot answer the question, ‘What strategy should we follow for success in a given business’. Moving to the ‘super AI’ that will bridge this gap is what is consuming the top tech firms. Not only is the solution likely to be a long way off – it might never be achieved. Meta has reportedly offered sign-on bonuses of $100m each in poaching up to 10 AI experts.

To reason with facts and alternatives requires ‘weights’ to be applied to consolidate alternatives. That’s what human brains can do to differing extents. AI cannot yet do it at all.

Repetitive, low-level jobs are already at risk. True leaders in thought and business are very safe at the moment – and maybe for our lifetimes.

The outlook for equity markets for the coming period remains positive supported by continued growth and utility of AI and modest aggregate earnings growth generally however, at current elevated valuations they remain vulnerable to macroeconomic (e.g. detrimental tariff policy changes) and/or geopolitical shocks.

US bond yields have stabilised at levels comfortably below the ‘trigger points’ of 4.5% for the 10-year and 5.0% for the 30-year that caused equity market volatility in April and May.

Australian economic conditions are not great but will probably be boosted by multiple interest rate cuts by the RBA in the remainder of 2025. The ASX 200 finished the year to 30 June only a fraction (less than 0.5%) off its all-time high.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities 

The ASX 200 made moderate gains in June (+1.3%) but gained +10.0% over the year to 30 June. If dividends were reinvested, the total return for the year (without franking credits) was 13.8%.

The Energy sector (+9.0%) and Financials (+4.3%) were the best performers for capital gains in June. Over the year to 30 June, Telcos (+36.7%), Financials (+29.4%), Industrials (26.2%), IT (+24.2%) and Consumer Discretionary (20.8%) were the stand-out sectors in terms of total returns. Health (-4.6%) and Materials (-2.3%) were the only sectors to go backwards over that period.

Our analysis of broker-based forecasts of company earnings for the coming year varies but in general are pointing to a positive outcome, providing we get no big surprises.

International Equities 

The S&P 500 finished June very strongly – up +5.0% – and surpassed its all-time high on the last day of the month. For the year to 30 June, the S&P 500 gained 13.6%.

Of the major indexes we follow, the Nikkei gained the most over June at +6.6%. None of these indexes went backwards except for the DAX at -0.4% and the FTSE at -0.1%. Emerging Markets gain was +4.5%.

For the year to 30 June, the DAX gained +31.1%, the Shanghai Composite +16.1% and the FTSE 7.8%. Emerging Markets gained +10.6%. The Nikkei was the worst performer of the indexes we follow but it still grew by +2.3%. The World index grew by +14.7%.

With the US economy potentially going into expansionary territory due to the ‘Big Beautiful Bill’, another positive year might be expected. However, if the year to 30 June was any guide, good returns are usually not gained in a straight line. Volatility has not gone away but it has receded from its recent highs.

Bonds and Interest Rates

The Fed continues to resist Trump’s calls to cut interest rates but there is pressure coming from within for the Fed to cut in July. Two or three cuts are expected by the market in the rest of this calendar year.

The RBA is widely expected to cut its overnight cash rate (OCR) again in July. It appears to be on a rate cutting cycle taking this interest rate to around 3% by the end of the year – or lower!

The Bank of Japan was ‘on hold’ in June, as was the Bank of England. The Swiss National Bank cut its interest rate to 0.0%.

The big question facing policy and lawmakers in the US is what will happen to longer term rates. In the Senate hearing, a Republican senator berated Powell for costing the US economy $400bn this year by not cutting interest rates – due to the interest payments on debt.

The senator showed a complete lack of understanding of how monetary policy works. The Fed only has an impact on overnight rates and limited impact on yields one to two years out. It is possible, and has often happened, that an interest rate cut by the Fed might mean an increase the 10-year and 30-year Government Bond yields! Longer-term yields are greatly affected by inflation and growth expectations, amongst other factors.

Other Assets 

Brent Crude oil (+5.8%) and West Texas Intermediate Crude oil (WTI) (+7.1%) prices were up in June. Over the year to 30 June, the losses were -21.8% and -20.1%.
The price of gold was flat (0.0%) in June while the price of copper (+6.0%) was up sharply again. Iron ore prices (-3.6%) were down.

The VIX ‘fear’ index is almost back to a near-normal level at 16.7 after peaking at 22.2 earlier in the month. The VIX peaked at 52.3 in the year to 30 June.

The Australian dollar (AUD) traded in a modest range over June but finished up by +1.8% on the month. Over the year to 30 June, our dollar was down by -1.1% against the US dollar.

Regional Review

Australia

Australia jobs data for the latest month provided mixed evidence of an economy that is ticking along. There were -2,500 jobs lost but +38,700 full-time positions were created; there was an offsetting -41,100 part-time jobs lost. The unemployment rate was steady at 4.1%.

The March quarter GDP data were released in June and largely disappointed. Quarterly growth was 0.2%, which was less than the 0.4% expected. The annual growth rate was 1.3%. Per capita growth returned to negative territory with readings of -0.2% for the quarter and -0.4% for the year. The brightest spot in the National Accounts was a rise in the household savings ratio to 5.2% from 3.9%. We consider a reading in the range of 5% to 7% to be ‘normal’. After some time of having a low savings ratio, households are now back to trying to build for a solid future.

The Westpac and NAB consumer and business sentiment indexes were largely unchanged and weak.

The monthly CPI inflation data were at the low end of the RBA target range at 2.1% (headline) and 2.6% (core).

China 

Inflation was again negative for the year at -0.1% but China is actively trying to stimulate its economy. The wild swings in US import tariffs have disrupted shipments in the March and June quarters to try to minimise aggregate tariff revenue. For example, in May, China’s exports to the world were up +4.8% but down to the US at -4.5%. Imports from the US were -18.0% but only down -3.4% from the rest of the world.

Industrial profits slumped -9.1% in the latest month. It will be at least some months before we will get data that can readily be interpreted.

China must redirect lost US demand to domestic demand and to new markets.

US

US jobs were up +139,000 when only +125,000 were expected. The unemployment rate was steady at 4.2%. Wage growth was 0.4% for the month and 3.9% for the year.

GDP growth for the March quarter was revised down to -0.5% from -0.2% as imports were rushed in to beat the imposition of new tariffs. The Atlanta Fed puts out ‘nowcasts’ ahead of the official GDP data. Its current estimate for June quarter growth is 2.9%. The OECD predicts growth for 2025 to be 1.6% and the same for 2026.

The respected University of Michigan consumer sentiment survey reported a bounce back to 60.5 from 52.2. The 1-year inflation expectations data came in at 5.1% which is well above the Fed’s estimate of 3.2% but down from its previous month’s reading at 6.6%. The US population at large is lowering its inflation expectations.

Retail sales were -0.9% for the month and +3.3% for the year. When adjusted for inflation the readings were -1.0% for the month and +0.9% for the year. There are nascent signs of a weakening consumer, but an interest rate cut is not urgent – just desirable.

Europe 

UK growth slumped to -0.3% and the unemployment rate rose to 4.6% from 4.5%. The minimum wage was increased by 6.7% in an attempt to play catch up on the ground lost over the last couple of years due to the cost-of-living crisis.

The European Central Bank (ECB cut its interest rate for the 8th time by 25 bps to 2.0%. Inflation was under control at 1.9%.
The Swiss National Bank cut its rate by 25 bps to 0.0%.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• US and China agree a 90-day truce in their tariff war and settle at lower rates
• US Court finds Trump tariffs illegal
• Equity markets look through tariff uncertainty and post strong returns for the month
• Court finds Trump’s use of emergency power to set tariffs is illegal
• Australian jobs and inflation data solid

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

On the 12th of May US and Chinese delegations met in Switzerland and agreed to a 90-day truce in their trade tariff war. The agreement does not apply to all tariffs but was certainly sufficient to buoy global markets post the announcement. Neither economy is sufficiently strong enough to weather the effects of a protracted trade war with each other without inflicting self harm. Finding a negotiated way forward is in the interest of both parties but that is not a guarantee. We await the elapse of the 90-day truce to see how further negotiations unfold.

After about four months of Trump seemingly randomly assigning – and charging – tariffs on a bilateral basis, a US Court deemed that the Administration had acted illegally on the reciprocal tariffs. However, they did not overturn the 25% tariffs on steel, aluminium and autos. The next day, that Court put a stay on the decision for seven days – to June 5th – after an appeal. Trump then retaliated by threatening 50% on steel and aluminium.

The issue that Congress sets tariffs and not the president has been known since the beginning. However, Trump invoked ‘emergency powers’. The Court disagreed that the emergency existed in law.

The market had already factored in that the big tariffs would not come back in – if not the reason why.

Markets launched a new acronym following the months of negotiations: TACO [Trump Always Chickens Out]. Trump looked very uncomfortable when answering a question about TACO but he fired back that what he did was how one negotiates.

There have been some statements made that say that Trump might find an alternative method for putting punitive tariffs on imports. We will have to wait and see but we think the worst of the tariff-induced volatility might be behind us.

The US consumer has been bruised by all the tariff chaos. The US has two highly reputable consumer sentiment indexes constructed one each by the University of Michigan and the US Conference Board. Both plummeted from November 2024 readings until a few weeks ago. The University of Michigan index reached an all time low (except for June 2022 during the lockdowns) but, at the end of May, the Conference Board index surged back up to the normal range after the reciprocal tariffs were pushed back 90 days.

Many commentators were confused by the relatively strong consumer data and the confidence data. That anomaly is now rationalised as confusion about an unknown longer-term future and short-term strong jobs and wages.

Trump imposed so-called reciprocal tariffs on April 2nd and pushed them back 90 days on April 9th. Arguably, the trigger for the turnaround was a surge in longer term US Treasury yields – to above 4.5% for the 10-year and above 5% for the 30-year. The issue at stake is the US Treasury needing to roll over about a third of its huge debt in June 2025.

Secretary for the Treasury, Scott Bessent, appears to have neutralised rogue trade advisor, Peter Navarro, in delaying the reciprocal tariffs. Bessent was key in negotiating tariffs between China and the US down from 145% and 125% to a more reasonable 30% and 10%. The 30% figure includes a penalty for distribution of Fentanyl.

Trump turned his attention to the Middle East following the big tariff backdown. He claims some massive deals of hundreds of billions of dollars with each of Saudi Arabia and Qatar. It appears Qatar also gifted a $400m jet which will be used as Air Force One and then on Trump’s personal account. There have been strong suggestions that Trump is intermingling his personal interests with those of the state.

There is little detail about the nature of these deals other than buying from Boeing is a big part of them. Presumably, there is a very long lead time on some of these planes and who knows if the plans will come to fruition.

Elon Musk appears to have failed to achieve his DOGE efficiency targets and left the project at the end of May.

As a result of the tariff chaos and government efficiency misses those elements will not contribute much to bringing down the $36.2 trn government debt. A lot, therefore, rides on getting gains in GDP growth through tax cuts and AI. An eminent commentator, Prof Jeremy Siegel, thinks AI could lift average growth from 2% to 3% pa which would be huge. However, if AI makes gains through redundancies, the gains won’t necessarily benefit the economy to the extent that it might otherwise.
At the end of May, Trump’s ‘Big Beautiful Bill’ passed through the House. Most people up with the details seem to think it will add to debt. The Senate also needs to pass the Bill and many have said senators will demand lots of changes.

The US Federal Reserve (the Fed) kept rates on hold in May possibly because of the uncertainty over tariffs. Since that meeting key inflation measures, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Private Consumption Expenditure (PCE) came in lower than expected.

There are problems with measuring shelter price inflation and that component is about one third of the CPI index. The official CPI-less-shelter inflation rate came in at 1.4% which is well below the 2% target. Indeed, in all but four months since mid-2023 that measure has been under target.

The Fed-preferred PCE inflation read was 2.1% and 2.5% after volatile items are removed. We see some reasons for the Fed to cut at its next meeting.
However, the market has priced the probability of an interest rate cut on June 18th at only 2% and 23% by July 29th. The odds for no US interest rate cut by September are currently 28%. We think the odds for an interest rate cut anticipated by the market will be priced in as news about the court’s views on reciprocal tariffs become clearer.

US jobs data have continued to be strong but there are some nascent signs that layoffs are starting to increase – particularly in Michigan the historical home of the US auto industry.

At home in Australia, the general election brought about sweeping support for the Labor party. Both the Coalition and Greens leaders lost their seats. As a result, the Coalition split into two parties but some resolution now seems possible.

Labor’s policies are, in the main, not controversial and could ultimately be good for the nation. However, the proposed changes to taxation on super are contentious. The issue for most people is not that tax should be increased for big balances. It is that unrealised capital gains will be taxed at 30% above some threshold.

There are three major problems with that ruling. People with large assets such as property in their super funds may have to pay tax on any capital gains without the income to cover the CGT. Secondly, illiquid assets such as property are difficult to price and so there would likely be disputes over valuations. Thirdly, for realised capital gains outside of super, made over a period longer than 12 months, are taxed at half of the investors top marginal income tax rate – potentially a lower rate than income tax paid by people with lower incomes.

Interestingly, many or most politicians and public servants are on Defined Benefits’ pensions which, for technical reasons, are not included in the proposed new taxes. It seems possible that a senior public servant or government minister could have a substantial defined benefits pension and, say, just under $3 in a super fund and not have to pay the new taxes! We wait to see if this change will be introduced without amendment.

Our jobs data were also quite firm with 89,000 new jobs created in the latest month. The unemployment rate was steady at 4.1%. A ranking of all countries by the proportion of all people employed by the government put Australia at number one in the world. Hence, much of our jobs data looks good because the jobs are funded by the taxpayer and are not subject to market forces like private jobs!

With the policy chaos likely becoming more subdued in coming months and Australian data holding up, the ASX 200 and S&P 500 market indexes are getting back on track to have the strong year expected at the start of the year by many commentators – and the broker-based forecasts of company earnings we analyse on a daily basis. US Treasury yields have stabilised at near 4.5% p.a. for the 10-year Government Bonds and 5.0% for the 30-year Bonds.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities 

The ASX 200 had a very strong month gaining 3.8% as part of the recovery from the impact of Trump’s reciprocal tariffs. The index ended May only 1.4% off its all-time high and up 3.4% since 1 January.

The IT sector (+19.8%) and Energy sector (+8.6%) were the standouts. No sector had negative returns for May.

International Equities 

The S&P 500 finished May very strongly – up 6.2% but it is still nearly 4% off its all-time high and almost flat (+0.4%) since 1 January.
Of the major indexes we follow, the German DAX gained the most over May rising +6.7% and Japan’s Nikkei gained 5.3%. The Emerging Markets index gain was more modest but still quite strong at +2.9%.

Bonds and Interest Rates

The Fed continues to resist Trump’s calls to cut its interest rates. Indeed, Trump summoned Powell for a meeting at the end of May. Nevertheless, the Fed kept rates on hold at the May Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC) meeting. Markets are expecting the next cut in September.

The RBA cut its Overnight Cash Rate (OCR) by 25 bps to 3.85% on May 20th and is expected to cut again in July with possibly two more cuts after that this year.
The Bank of Japan kept its interest rates on hold. It’s auction of 40-year Government Bonds (JGBs) did not go as expected, so long yields (interest rates) rose. The Bank cut its inflation forecasts for this year and next year. It also trimmed growth forecasts.

The Bank of England (BoE) cut its rate by 25 bps to 4.25% even though its quarterly economic growth rates came in at a solid 0.7% for the quarter.

There was some market instability in bond yields over the month – particularly in long-duration US Treasury yields. There is set to be a very large roll-over of Treasuries during June as the US treasury refinances a large amount of maturing bonds. Some more bond market volatility is, therefore, expected.

Other Assets 

Brent Crude oil (+1.2%) and West Texas Intermediate Crude oil (WTI) (+4.2%) prices were up in May.

The price of gold was down -0.7% in May while the price of copper (+4.7%) was up sharply again. Iron ore prices (-0.3%) were flat.

The VIX ‘fear’ index is almost back to a normal level at 18.6 after peaking at 24.8 earlier in the month.

The Australian dollar (AUD) traded in a wide range ($US0.6394 to $US0.6527) over May but finished up by only +0.3% on the month against the US dollar.

Regional Review

Australia

Australia jobs data for the latest month provided more evidence of an economy that is ticking along okay. The 89,000 new jobs in the month with 59,500 of those being full-time positions.

The unemployment rate was steady at 4.1% maintaining a range of 3.9% to 4.3% for the last 12 months.

Retail sales for the month were -0.1% and 3.8% for the year. When adjusted for inflation, sales were -0.3% and 1.4%.

The Wage Price Index rose 0.9% over the March quarter and 3.4% over the previous 12 months. While this rise is above that of inflation (2.4%), inflation-adjusted wages are down 6% from the 2020 peak and down 3% since Labour was elected in 2022.

China 

Inflation was negative for the year at -0.1% but China is actively trying to stimulate its economy. The wild swings in US import tariffs have disrupted shipments in the March quarter and to date in the June quarter to try to minimise aggregate tariff revenue.

US

US jobs (non-farm payrolls) were +177,000 in the latest month well ahead of the +133,000 expected with an unemployment rate steady at +4.2%. The wages growth rate was +3.8% for the year.

US CPI came in at 2.3% (headline) and 2.8% (core). CPI less shelter inflation was only 1.4%. PCE inflation was 2.1% (headline) and 2.5% (core).

The respected University of Michigan consumer sentiment survey reported another big drop – down to 50.8 from 52.2. The 1-year inflation expectations data came in at +7.3% which almost certainly cannot turn out to be accurate. Professor Siegel estimates that tariffs might add 1.5% (or at most 2%) to current inflation of 2.1%.

And that estimate was revealed before the court result on the legality of reciprocal tariffs.

The Conference Board index for consumer sentiment rose sharply from 85.7 to 98.0. The previous two months were 93.9 and 100.1. This release was the first to exclusively include survey data after the April 9th 90-day delay on US tariffs being introduced.

Europe 

UK growth beat expectations with a +0.7% gain for the quarter. Nigel Farage’s right-wing party did particularly well against both Labor and Conservative parties in local elections. It even won a seat in parliament in the Runcorn by-election.

Reuters reports the European Central Bank (ECB) is likely to cut its rate by 25 bps to 2.0% in its June 5th meeting and then skip in July.

Rest of the World 

Trump spent time in the Middle East with an entourage of government and tech CEOs. Few hard details were reported but the tone of the statements and media coverage was positive for Trump – apart from the news he is to be gifted a $400m plane by Qatar. The distinction between Trump’s public and private negotiations continues to be blurred.

Trump removed all sanctions on Syria.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• Trump suspends reciprocal tariff policy above 10% hours after introduction
• Markets respond positively to tariff hiatus, but many companies suspend forward earnings guidance
• US consumer confidence falling sharply
• RBA looks set to cut rates in May

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

The global economy is highly dependent on the US economy. The current performance of the US economy is highly dependent on the policies of the incoming president – Donald Trump.

New presidents are often judged by what they achieve in their first 100 days. That window is now closed.

Trump campaigned on several initiatives. We think at least four were central to his dream to ’Make America Great Again.’ There is no doubt the US debt is unsustainable at $36 trillion. Neither Biden, nor Trump in his previous term, addressed the issue in a meaningful way. Action on debt is appropriate but is Trump misguided in his current strategy?

Trump promised to end the Russia-Ukraine war on ‘day one’. He was to stop immigration at the borders and deport large swathes of existing illegal, or ‘undocumented’, immigrants; there are reportedly well over 11 million of them in the US! He was also to impose import tariffs that he claimed would rapidly generate substantial revenue to reduce US debt. And he was to reduce government wastage and inefficiencies (using deregulation) to stimulate business growth and cut debt.
After 100 days there have been no noticeable improvements in the resolution of the Ukraine conflict. Trump did, however, berate the Ukrainian president, Zelenskyy, in the White House on live television. It was embarrassing to watch. No leader should be treated like that. We can only presume Trump was venting his frustrations at having made no progress on ‘stopping the war.’

It appears that some gains have been made in reducing the inflow of legal and illegal immigrants. Several attempts have been made to deport groups to Central America but some of these actions have fallen foul of the law. Various court orders were made to reverse some of the deportations. Indeed, at least three US citizens were incorrectly deported – at least two of whom were small children. The process is in chaos. Trump seems to be challenging the judicial demands more in the fashion of a dictator than an elected president. Trump did reverse his decision on student visa cancellations.

The tariff policy was destined to fail before it was implemented. We know of no respected economist who supports the policy as a mechanism for redressing trade deficits. The trade advisor to Trump, Peter Navarro, has been accused of fabricating academic support for his views.

Before Trump returned to the White House, the average import tariff in the US was 3%. After the so-called ‘reciprocal tariffs’ were announced, that average jumped to 27%. On delaying the introduction of the reciprocal tariffs, the average tariff fell to 23%. When China is excluded (with a 145% tariff), the average tariff is to be still massive at 18%.

The reciprocal tariffs are not as named. They are penalties to attempt to reduce trade deficits on goods on a bilateral basis. There is nothing wrong per se with trade deficits. Such deficits reflect investment wishes of the US exceeding savings. There are proper ways of addressing trade deficits; imposing tariffs is not one of them.
Importantly, the Smoot-Hawley tariff act of 1930 in the US most probably caused the Great Depression!

The situation got to boiling point as Trump has been accused of lying about the trade deals he claims he is doing. One report we saw said Trump claimed to be negotiating with China and talking to President Xi Jinping on the phone. China claims there have been no phone calls and no negotiations. Trump blustered under questioning by the media.

Navarro claimed that they could do 90 deals (with 90 countries) in 90 days. When asked why no deals had yet been announced, Trump said lots had been done. Indeed, he claims 200 have been done. Since Trump apparently has no trouble telling lies to the media there is no knowing how this will all end. However, Trump has apparently added a few more concessions here and there. He needs an exit plan.

At the time of writing the US Customs and Border Protection department claimed about $500 million had been collected in tariffs over the period of a few weeks but Trump claimed they would collect about $2 billion per day.

One particularly important retaliatory non-tariff response by China was the cessation of the granting of export licences for its reserves of several ‘heavy rare earth minerals’. China has a near monopoly on about six of them which are essential in the manufacture of EVs, fighter jets and drones, etc. The US has been operating on a just-in-time inventory of them so the US could soon suffer serious consequences. China has also stopped importing beef from the US. Instead, it has reverted to importing beef from Australia.

Elon Musk was appointed as a non-elected official in charge of DOGE (Department of Government Efficiency). Many claims have been made about savings, but few are backed up with receipts. Trump claimed there will be $2 trillion of savings. So far only $160 billion had been recorded on their web site and 60% of that sum was not itemised.

Several pre-emptive moves have been made to alleviate the impact of the tariffs. China exports grew 12.4% in March against an expected 4.4%. US orders for autos in the US soared 9.2% in March compared to 0.9% in February. People wisely bought ahead of time to reduce tariff payments.

From our reading, the US Secretary of the Treasury, Scott Bessent, appears to be changing his stance. He was very pro-Trump in the beginning, but he appears to have been the architect behind delaying the reciprocal tariffs by 90 days – conducting the meeting on the topic when Navarro was known to be otherwise engaged.
Equity markets have been recovering from the initial impact of the tariff saga. More than half of the loss from the recent high in the S&P 500 has been regained. The VIX ‘fear index’ has retraced from the recent high in April of 52.3 to about 25 at the end of that month. Values in the range 12 to 15 are usually considered to reflect normal conditions.

Australians voted in the Federal election on May 3 and have returned the Labour government in a land slide win that has increased their majority in the House of Representatives. Our assessment is that the election outcome does not result in any material changes to the course of the Australian economy or financial markets in the near term.

Australian labour force data reflected an economy that is ticking along. A total of 32,200 jobs were created in March and the unemployment rate was 4.1%, an historically low rate. Retail sales adjusted for inflation grew 1.3% over the prior 12 months.

The RBA held interest rates ‘on hold’ in April but the chance of a rate cut or two in May is judged to be high by the RBA interest rate tracker tool on the ASX website.
It is never an option not to have an opinion about the investment future. Even just holding cash is an actively made decision.

We see more volatility in months to come but the medium term for the major asset classes does not appear to have yet been put materially off track. That said, the path of US economic policy and the many twists and turns we expect it to take will be a major source of volatility. This being the case, we may need to amend our views, but we do not consider it necessary at this juncture as we await further developments to the tariff policies. Despite the elevated inflationary risk resulting from these policies both the US Fed and the RBA look set to cut rates several more times this year as recession risk builds.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities 

After a wild ride in April, the ASX 200 finished up 3.6% on the month which was much stronger than most major indexes. In April, only the Energy sector (-7.7%) returned a capital loss on sharply falling oil prices.

The index is now 10.0% off the low for 2025 but still -5.0% from the high.

International Equities 

The S&P 500 finished April strongly with seven consecutive daily gains. However, it was still down -0.8% on the month and -5.3% on the year. Most of the other major indexes made modest gains or losses in April. The ASX 200 was the stand-out performer at +3.6%!

The March 2025 quarter reporting season in the US has produced some big earnings forecast beats, mainly in Financials and the ‘Mag 7’. Most companies were limited in their forward guidance given the uncertainty over the Trump tariff policies and the impacts that they may have.

Bonds and Interest Rates

The Fed has been in a public conflict with Trump. Trump keeps saying rates should be lower and he “can’t wait until he gets a new Fed chair.” Jerome Powell, the current Fed chairperson has been steadfast in his calm view that he is poised to react to any new situation.

Nobody really knows what will happen with tariffs and whether they would cause inflation. They will certainly increase prices, but will the change just be transitory? If long-term inflation does ensue, changing rates would not be the solution. It would be appropriate to reverse the cause and cut tariffs!

The 10-year US Treasury yield fell to 4.0% before the reciprocal tariff narrative took centre stage. This yield shot up to 4.5% and this rise caused consternation. A huge tranche of US Treasurys is set to mature in June and needs to be rolled over (refinanced). The last thing Trump, the Treasury or the Fed wants is higher yields for this big roll-over. It was the day that the 10-year US Government Bond yield hit 4.5% that the reciprocal tariffs got delayed by 90 days! There is some common sense in the governing bodies.

Since the delay, the 10-year yield has got back to under 4.2% and equity markets have stabilised. The US dollar is weaker.

The RBA kept interest rates on hold in April as was widely expected as a move then might have been seen to be political given the impending general election.

The market has all but priced in at least one RBA cut on May 20th with a reasonable probability of a double cut of 50 bps. We think it is quite possible the RBA will cut by 35 bps to restore the pre-emergency rates of simple multiples of 0.25%. 3.75% in May rather than 3.6% wouldn’t make a big difference to the economy. The official cash rate can always be cut again in June if the RBA wants. Cutting by 60 bps in May might be seen as destabilising.

Other Assets 

Brent Crude oil (-15.5%) and West Texas Intermediate crude oil (WTI) (-18.4%) prices were down sharply in April.

The price of gold continued its strong rally with a gain of +5.9% in April.

The price of copper (-2.4%) was down, as was the price of iron ore (-4.7%).

The VIX ‘fear’ index is still elevated at 24.7 but well down from its intra-month high of 52.3.

The Australian dollar (AUD) traded in a wide range ($US0.5975 to $US0.6437) over April finishing near its high ($US0.6402).

Regional Review

Australia

Australian jobs data for the latest month provided some evidence of an economy that is ticking along. The 32,200 new jobs in the month translates to a growth rate over the year of 2.2%. The full and part-time growth rates for the year are 1.6% and 3.3%. The big bulge in part-time growth rates above 6% last year have now dissipated.

The unemployment rate was 4.1% maintaining a range of 3.9% to 4.3% for the last 12 months.

Retail sales for the month were up 0.2% and 3.6% for the year. When adjusted for inflation, sales were up 0.1% and 1.3%, respectively.

China 

There were a few surprises in China macro data in April. GDP growth came in at 5.4% against an expected 5.1%. Exports were 12.4% against an expectation of 4.4% but imports missed at -4.3% against and expected -2.0%. We put these big discrepancies down to a reorganisation of trade flows to try to beat the new US tariffs that were to kick-in during April.

The 10% points outperformance of exports in March translates to about a month’s worth of exports. CNBC reported that about 25% of container ships from China to the US were cancelled for April.

Since US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent is freely commenting that the tariffs with China are unsustainable, we expect some mollification of the current situation. Trump even signed an executive order to that effect on the last day of April.

US

US jobs were up +228,000 in the latest month with an unemployment rate of 4.2%. The wage rate was up 0.3% for the month or 3.8% for the year.

US CPI inflation came in at 2.8% from 3.1%. With shelter inflation at 4.0%, CPI-less-shelter inflation was well under target at 1.5%. There are well-known problems with the shelter inflation calculations. We deduce that inflation is under control when measured properly but the future of inflation is now uncertain. The Fed-preferred Private Consumption Expenditure (PCE) inflation measure was flat for the month in both headline and core but up 2.3% headline and 2.6% core on the year.

The respected University of Michigan consumer sentiment survey reported another big monthly drop in the index – down to 47.3 from 76.9 last November at the time of the presidential election. The 1-year inflation expectations data came in at 6.5% – the worst result since November 1981. The 5-year inflation expectations were 4.4%. Both inflation expectations are sharply above those of last November.

The Conference Board consumer confidence index also fell sharply – to 86.0 from 93.9 in the prior month and down from 112.8 in November 2024. The volatility/uncertainty created by Trump’s tariff policy has caused the US consumer to be less confident hence the decline in the confidence measure which is expected to feed into consumption data.

The preliminary GDP growth rate for the March quarter of 2025 was published on the last day of April. The prior Atlanta Fed forecast was -2.5% for the quarter (annualised). The official estimate was -0.3%. While this rate mayalarm some there are three sets of unusual circumstances to explain the big change from the 2.5% level reported for the December quarter of 2024.

There were several devastating hurricanes on the East Coast early in the March quarter; the wildfires in California around the northern region of Los Angeles were significantly larger and far more impactful than normally experienced. Finally, there is reasonable evidence that imports boomed in the March quarter to get in ahead of the tariffs that were scheduled to start on April 2nd.

The way GDP is calculated, imports detract from growth unless they are offset by inventories or investment in the same period. We expect this negative to be a one-off result, but we still expect growth to be lower in 2025 than 2024. Whether there is a recession, a slight recession or low growth is too hard to predict at this point in time given the fluidity of Trump’s policy changes. The latest Fed forecast is for trend GDP growth of 1.7% in 2025.

Europe 

The European Central Bank (ECB) cut its reserve interest rate by 0.25% points to 2.4%.

UK inflation dropped to 2.6% from 2.8%.

Rest of the World 

Egypt cut its official interest rate by 2.25% points to 25.5% while Turkey hiked its rate by 3.5% points to 46% to defend the value of its currency.

Japan’s inflation climbed to 3.6% for the headline rate and 3.2% for the core rate which strips out volatile items. Japan is still on course to raise its interest rate from its current 0.5% to end the year at 1.0%. After decades of weak or negative inflation, a reading of 3.6% is not yet a problem for them.

The Reserve Bank of India cut its rate by 0.25% points to 6.0%.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.

In this month’s update, we provide a snapshot of economic occurrences both nationally and from around the globe.

Key points:

• Trump policy changes continue to drive instability and uncertainty
• Trump’s global tariff policy has the potential to bring on economy sapping trade wars
• The US Federal Reserve keeps interest rates on hold as it awaits the outcome of tariffs on the economy
• Markets reflecting concerns that US tariffs could result in slower growth and consumption

We hope you find this month’s Economic Update as informative as always. If you have any feedback or would like to discuss any aspect of this report, please contact your Financial Adviser.

The Big Picture

It is nigh impossible to keep up with Trump’s claims and executive orders. Even if we compiled a detailed list, Trump changes his direction – sometimes within 24 hours – and judges have thrown out many of his attempts to change policy. Trump has already signed more than double the number of executive orders he did in his first term as president (Trump 1.0) during the first 100 days!

Trump’s strong supporter, and unelected official leading the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), Elon Musk, seems to be accountable only to Trump. He appears to try and close departments without reasoning, and he too gets some of his policies overturned by judges when his actions are challenged through the courts.

There has been a very strong pushback against Musk both within and outside the US. The share price of his flagship company, Tesla, has fallen from over $400 to nearly $250 since Trumps inauguration on 20 January. Sales of Tesla cars have fallen by 30% to 40% in a number of countries, including the US, and by a reported 70% in Germany. To make matters worse Tesla was forced to recall nearly every cyber truck to fix a defect. And there are reports of the vandalising of Tesla vehicles in the street and in car dealerships as a protest. With the apparent chaotic approach of this Trump administration there are very few parallels with that of the former Biden presidency.

Here in Australia, we have had a Federal Budget and Prime Minister Albanese called an election for May 3rd. The importance of this has been overwhelmed by events in the US this week.

We are uniquely in the position of being able to count on Dr Janet Yellen’s expertise. We recently heard her speak on this topic to a closed room. She spent a five-year term as Governor of the US Federal Reserve – the equivalent of the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) – and a four-year term as Secretary to the US Treasury. She held several other public offices, including leading the White House Council of Economic Advisers – and she has been a long-serving Professor of Economics at the prestigious University of California – Berkeley (since 1980).

There is no one more qualified to speak on these issues from both an academic and a public office perspective.

One of Trump’s main stated reasons for introducing tariffs is to redress the US trade deficit. Yellen says they won’t; exchange rates adjust to accommodate the tariffs. Historical evidence supports this view.

Trump seems to talk in terms of import tariffs being paid by the exporting country. Yellen says the US consumer will bear the brunt and consume less as a result. We agree. Even Trump urged current Fed Chair, Powell, to cut rates now to ease the burden on the consumer.

Yellen thinks tariffs might only cause a blip in inflation unless they seep into the formation of inflation expectations. The latest University of Michigan estimate of long-term inflation expectations is 4.1% which is the highest since 1993!

Some countries have already responded with new retaliatory tariffs for US exports. This tariff war could end badly. But Trump has often said – and we have written in past Updates – that Trump wants to use tariffs as a bargaining chip to get his way on other things – such as concessions on the location of industry, curbing drug importation and immigration. He said at the end of March – just before his April 2nd reciprocal tariffs are due to kick in – ‘there’s some flexibility on reciprocal tariffs’.

We, like Fed Chair Powell, think it is wise to wait for policies to be firmed up before we finalise our opinions. But the US consumer is confused (and why wouldn’t they be?). Both the well-regarded University of Michigan and Conference Board consumer confidence indexes have plummeted in the last three months.

On top of falling confidence, retail sales in the US are weakening yet, unlike in Australia, wage inflation is outpacing price inflation, so people are getting better off but not spending! The danger of stagflation is mounting as there are some signs of inflation rising a fraction – whether it be from tariffs or not.

At the time of writing, Trump has imposed or increased tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China. He has imposed tariffs on all aluminium and steel imported into the US. At the end of March, he imposed a 25% tariff on all (finished) autos but, importantly not on auto components.

Had tariffs been imposed on car parts, the US auto export industry would have been hurt. A significant proportion of the components of autos built in the US are imported. And, according to Yellen, autos cross the Mexico border six to eight times as autos pass through the production process. Will foreign auto makers like BMW start to export autos as components with final assembly in the US? We don’t know but quite likely the world might respond to Trump’s tariffs.

One point Yellen stressed was that all these new trade policies could be reversed in less than four years when a new president is elected. At the moment, US presidents can only serve two four-year terms in office. However, there is ongoing speculation that Trump will try to challenge this rule.

While all these political disruptions were taking place, some hard macroeconomic data were posted. Since data are published in hindsight and with a lag, there has not yet been much opportunity for the data to reflect Trump’s economic impact.

US inflation data has been ‘sticky’ in the sense that inflation is only slowly returning to the Fed’s 2% target. We have argued for some time, most of this stickiness is a statistical artifact created by the way in which shelter (or rent) inflation is calculated. The problem has been acknowledged by the Fed but they have not acted to correct the situation.

Our calculations based on official US data reveal that Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation less shelter inflation has already returned to the 2% target. Moreover, there are sound economic reasons to believe further rate cuts could flow through to falls in mortgage rates and make room for landlords to cut rents. However, in the last couple of months there has been some signs of possible increases in CPI inflation.

US jobs data have continued to be reasonably strong both in terms of the number of jobs created and in the unemployment rate. The current unemployment rate is 4.1%, up from 4.0%, but low by historical standards. Of course, the nature of work has been evolving in recent times and it is not clear how appropriate it is to compare current unemployment rates with those of 5 to 10 years, or more, ago.

The US Fed is comprised of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks. One such bank is the Atlanta Fed which provides updates on economic statistics before the official data are released. After strong GDP growth data in 2024, the Atlanta Fed came up with an early estimate of March quarter 2025 growth of 2.3% which was reasonably similar to the official 2024 growth. However, subsequent updates have turned sharply negative. The latest estimate is 1.5% which, if confirmed at the end of April, when the official data are released, could cause the Fed to quickly change tac with monetary policy.

The current year started with major hurricanes on the east coast of the US and an unusually destructive wildfire in California. They could have impacted the March quarter 2025 data. Furthermore, the Atlanta Fed’s early estimates often show some instability over the course of data collection and updating.

Until recently, most commentators were siding with the notion of a soft landing in the US. That is, the Fed was binging inflation down to target without causing a recession. In late March, the calls for a recession increased markedly under the barrage of Trump’s executive orders.

At the latest Fed meeting on March 19th, the Fed kept interest rates on hold. Fed Chair, Jerome Powell, argued that it was in a good position to act appropriately as new data are posted. The Fed’s ‘dot plots’ showed the individual views of members of the committee on where interest rates might be heading.

The latest dot-plot has two more interest rate cuts pencilled in for the rest of 2025. Market pricing gives a reasonable chance of two or three more cuts this year.
Importantly, Powell conducted himself with calm and self-assuredness under questions from the media after the recent interest rate decision. He is not a man who fears Trump. When asked whether his job was in jeopardy, Powell calmly replied, ‘I answered that question in previous meetings. Nothing has changed’. The president has no power to dismiss the Fed chair and Powell is not a man to be bullied.

The Australian Federal Budget, delivered by Treasurer Jim Chalmers, on March 25th was ‘election-friendly’ but it didn’t announce any big policy changes. After seven successive quarters of negative per capita growth, the latest quarter’s growth was deemed to have been positive to the tune of +0.1%. That rate is very close to zero!

Australia faces a cost-of-living crisis far more than that in the US. Australian wages, after adjusting for price inflation, are over 6% below what they were at the start of 2020. Even if these so-called ‘real wages’ caught up with that 2020 level, there would still be five years of ‘lost’ wages to regain before Australia could get back to its previous position.

Chalmers did deliver some improvements in the budget: Tax, healthcare, childcare and other social conditions. Albanese announced on March 28th that there will be a general election on May 3rd. Let’s hope both parties come up with a more comprehensive plan for Australia’s future by then.

Immigration has been central to Australia’s growth and prosperity. But immigration flows must be co-ordinated to match the needs in the workforce and the supply of suitable housing. Probably because of the pandemic, immigration and housing got out of kilter causing big increases in home prices and rents. Energy prices have also become unsustainable, but for other reasons.

The government did introduce a stop-gap measure by way of a flat subsidy for electricity, but this subsidy will end this year. The way the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has calculated CPI inflation has artificially brought headline CPI inflation to within the RBA’s target band of 2% to 3%. When the subsidy ends, CPI inflation will most likely jump well above the target band. A long-run solution is needed.

Some of Australia’s macroeconomic data looks quite reasonable. The latest labour force survey indicated the unemployment rate was steady at 4.1% but 52,800 jobs were lost in February. We are not alarmed like some over the job losses because there was an unusually large jump up in the prior two months. ABS data can be volatile.

The unemployment rate might be a bit flattering for those comparing it with rates in years past. Reportedly, the NDIS has contributed a significant number of jobs – some from people previously doing similar work without pay for family and friends. We are not arguing the scheme is not worthwhile, but it should change the way economists view labour market data. These jobs are funded by the taxpayer and not market forces. They are essentially a form of fiscal stimulus.

As expected, the RBA did not change our official cash interest rate at its April 1st meeting. A cut at the following meeting – after the election – is a possibility as are a couple more later in the year.

Even with this optimistic view of monetary policy, we will end 2025 with an interest rate above the so-called neutral rate meaning that monetary policy will still be restrictive.

Any relief to mortgage holders would be most welcome. The 6% fall in real wages we wrote about would still be a major issue but households would have a greater disposable income after mortgage payments fall. Renters too might gain from rate cuts as landlords may pass on the cost savings to tenants.

Elsewhere, the Banks of China and Japan kept their interest rates on hold. Both the ECB and the Bank of Canada cut their respective interest rates by 0.25% points to 2.5% and 2.75%. It was Canada’s 7th successive cut. By comparison, our official cash interest rate stands at 4.1% which is well above the neutral rate of 2.5% to 3%.

China’s Purchasing Manager’s Index (PMI) climbed back above 50 to 50.2 from 49.1 when 49.9 had been expected. Its retail sales beat expectations with a growth of 4.0% but industrial production was just under expectations at 5.9%. China’s trade data disappointed, possibly due to the tariff war. We expect China to add further stimulus as needed.

It is a difficult time to give strong guidance for investors. We do think Trump’s blustering style has led many to fear conditions far worse than may eventually transpire. Those who look at recent stock market falls as indicative of bad times might be over-reacting. So far, the US and Australia’s main markets have suffered no more than a 10% correction and that follows two successive years of gains above 20% for the S&P 500. Corrections are the norm and not the exception in stock market behaviour. It is too soon to run for cover.

By next month we should have a much better view of what is happening with Trump’s policy agenda. We should also know by then what the respective main election promises are for Australia.

Asset Classes

Australian Equities 

The ASX 200 fell sharply ( 4.0%) again over March with only one sector, Materials, registering a gain (+1.5%) while nine sectors recorded losses and Utilities was flat.

The index finished March down 8.3% since the recent all-time high of 8,556. During this sell-off – which is about the same as that on the S&P 500 – the broker-based forecasts of the ASX 200 component-companies’ earnings forecasts remained strong and forecast capital gains above the historical average over the next 12 months.

International Equities 

Except for the Shanghai Composite and the Emerging Markets indexes, all the six major international indexes we follow were well down.

Unsurprisingly, the S&P 500 was the worst, affected by news of tariffs with a loss of 5.8%; Emerging Markets gained +1.7%. The Shanghai Composite also posted a gain but only +0.4%. The Nikkei and DAX were down with losses of 4.1% and 1.7%. The London FTSE index was down 2.6%.

Bonds and Interest Rates

The ECB and the Bank of Canada have been the most active of the central banks we follow in cutting interest rates in this cycle. The RBA has been the least active in cutting rates.

Market pricing suggests that there will be two or three more interest rate cuts this year by the Fed in bringing the Fed interest rate down to a range of 3.5% to 3.75% or 3.75% to 4.0%. Market pricing also suggests two or three cuts in the RBA official cash rate to 3.6% or 3.85%.

It is important to note that most mortgagees in the US hold 30-year fixed rate mortgages and so many locked in very low rates during the pandemic. In Australia, most mortgagees have variable rate loans or a mix of variable and fixed-rate loans for a period of only 1 – 3 years. Therefore, Australian homeowners were hit much harder than their US counterparts when rates were on the hiking cycle. It is fallacious to state that the RBA should be in less of a rush to cut rates because they did not take rates to the same level as the US Fed.

The Fed left interest rates on hold in March but there is an 14% chance of a cut priced in at the next meeting on May 7th but a 76% chance of one or two cuts by June 18th. The RBA has a 75% chance of an RBA interest rate cut by May. There is a 91% chance of three interest rate cuts by the RBA during the rest of the year.

Other Assets 

Brent Crude oil (+2.1%) and West Texas Intermediate Crude oil (WTI) (+2.3%) prices were up in March.

The price of gold was up +9.6% in March finishing the month at $US3,125

The price of copper (+4.9%) was up sharply again but iron ore prices ( 1.6%) were down. However, the price of iron ore held above $US100 / tonne

The VIX ‘fear’ index is still elevated at 22.3 but down from its intra-month high of 27.9.

The Australian dollar (AUD) traded in a wide range ($US0.6191 to $US0.6375) over March but finished up (+0.5%).

Regional Review

Australia

Australia will hold its general election on May 3rd. Polls suggest the election may be close between the two major parties but the prospects for the Greens, Teals and Independents is much harder to judge. Rather than comment on recent press releases and speeches, we will reserve our opinion until we have seen the full set of election promises.

The jobs data posted in March disappointed many commentators because 52,800 jobs were lost. However, we note that there were unusually large increases in the two previous months of 59,800 and 30,500. After allowing for the usual noise in these data and possible inaccuracies in seasonal adjustment procedures we think it is far too early to suggest an imminent problem in the labour market.

When we look over the last 12 months, we see that total employment grew by 1.9%, full-time jobs by 2.0% and part-time jobs by 1.6%. This is the first time in a year or two that the three measures were in alignment. Recently, part-time employment was growing by over an unsustainably large 6%.

The unemployment rate was steady at 4.1% but we have noted that a big increase in taxpayer funded NDIS jobs makes it harder to understand the new dynamics of the labour market.

GDP growth for 2024, was released in March. Growth was 0.6% for the quarter and 1.3% for the year. Per capita growth for the December quarter 2024 came in at 0.1% after seven consecutive negative readings. The household savings ratio improved to 3.8% from 3.6% in the previous quarter. We regard 5% to 6% as a healthy savings ratio based on historical data. This ratio sank to 1.5% in 2023. Households need to put aside savings for emergencies, durable goods, holidays and retirement. The Superannuation Guarantee Levy is a part of this definition of household savings.

China 

Late last year China seemed to need a stimulus package, and it provided one. Most economic data – except trade – are getting back to normal. China has set 5% as its goal for growth this year.

Trump imposed a further 10% tariff on imports from China making 20% in total. In addition, the 25% tariff on finished cars and the steel and aluminium tariffs are headwinds facing China. It has been reported that China’s electric vehicles (EV) are providing stiff competition for US EV autos, particularly Musk’s Tesla offerings.

US

The nonfarm payrolls (jobs) data came under expectations at 151,000 new jobs as 170,000 had been expected. The unemployment rate climbed one notch to 4.1% from 4.0% and wage growth at 4.0%, undershot the expected 4.2%. With CPI inflation well below 4% – even with the shelter inflation problems – means that the US worker is experiencing improved compensation month by month.

Retail sales, adjusted for CPI inflation, came in at 0.0% for the month and 0.3% for the year. These are not strong numbers, but we have noted that consumers have adopted a more cautious approach to spending. They have the money to spend but they are (sensibly) applying caution in these troubling times. Sales could spring back quickly when consumers feel more confident.

Europe 

Trump’s reaction to North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), and the Ukraine in particular, has acted to galvanise Europe in providing a more concerted and unified response to conflict and geopolitical tension in the region. Germany just passed a massive bill to issue over one trillion dollars’ worth of debt to build a military capability to make up for a possible US withdrawal or disengagement from NATO. Europe looks to be working hard to replace any gap left by Trump’s apparent receding commitment to NATO. Of course, in four years’ time, the old normal could be restored.

EU inflation fell to 2.4% and the European Central Bank (ECB) cut its rate from 2.75% to 2.5%.

Rest of the World 

Such is the extent of Trump-created chaos that so much of the world is now caught up in the ensuing economic maelstrom.

Mexico sent a number of drug-cartel ‘suspects’ to the US for trial but that didn’t seem to overly appease Trump’s appetite for blaming Mexico for the US’s drug problems.

Mark Carney, a celebrated former governor of both the Bank of England and the Bank of Canada was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Canada. He has the credentials and the apparent resolve to take on Trump over the tariffs imposed on Canada.

The cease fire between Israel and Hamas in Gaza has again run into difficulties.

Japan recorded stronger than expected economic growth in 2024. A rate of 0.6% for the December 2024 quarter was much stronger than the 0.4% which had been expected. That’s good for the global economy.

The Ukraine-Russia ceasefire seems to exist in concept only without any real headway being made save for a supposed naval truce in the Black Sea.

New Zealand recorded growth of 0.7% in 2024 – a bounce back from recession.

We acknowledge the significant contribution of Dr Ron Bewley and Woodhall Investment Research Pty Ltd in the preparation of this report.